Abstract
Forestry extension in Ethiopia has been mirrored in the agriculture extension package as one aspect commonly to address land and forest degradation. In contrast to the top-down approach, the participatory extension has given momentum to promote afforestation and rehabilitation of degraded land for transferring sufficient knowledge and addressing growers’ choices to raise tree species for various purposes. However, the research on forestry-related participatory technology development, adaption, and extension seems overlooked. The purpose of this review was to draw on the experiences of countries with low economic development on participatory forestry technologies development and extension. Hence, I reviewed good practices of various selected countries where forestry participatory extension approaches have been effective. The result of the review shows that participatory extension approaches like group training, demonstration trial, farmer's field school, and community-based extension approaches have been effective in forest management and livelihood development in the forest sector. Therefore, the review implies that key forestry stakeholders engaging in research, technology development and extension should prioritize participatory approaches to address both community needs and ecological aspects.
References
Abab, S. A. (2018). Understanding the Emerging Dynamics in Forest Governance in Ethiopia. Land Governance in an Interconnected World. Paper presented at the World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty. The World Bank - Washington DC, March 19-23, 2018.
Abdo, M. (2014). Practices, techniques, and technologies for restoring degraded landscapes in the Sahel. African Forest Forum, Working Paper Series, Vol. (2)3, 42 pp.
Achalu, N., Uibrig, H., & Weisshahn, G. (2003). Status and Prospects of Farm Forestry Practices in Central Ethiopia, a Case of Western Guraghe Highlands. International Conference on African Development Archives. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive/81.
ADB (Asian Development Bank) (2014a). Scaling Up Payments for Forest Environmental Services in Viet Nam: Lessons and Insights from Quang Nam. Mandaluyong City, Philippines.
ADB (Asian Development Bank) (2014b). Technologies to support climate change adaptation in developing Asia. Available at: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/149400/technologies-climate-change-adaptation.pdf
Adolwa, I. S., Okoth, P. F., Mulwa, R. M., Esilaba, A. O., Mairura, F. S., & Nambiro, E. (2012). Analysis of Communication and Dissemination Channels Influencing the Adoption of Integrated Soil Fertility Management in Western Kenya. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 18(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2012.638782
Agbogidi, O. M., & Ofuoku, A. U. (2009). Forestry Extension: Implications for forest protection. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 1(5), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC.9000064
Amogne, A. E. (2014). Forest resource management systems in Ethiopia: Historical perspective. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 6(2), 121–131. https://doi.org/10.5897/ijbc2013.0645
Anandajayasekeram P, Puskur R, Sindu Workneh and Hoekstra D. (2008). Concepts and practices in agricultural extension in developing countries: A source book. IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute), Washington, DC, USA, and ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya. 275 pp.
Anderson, J., & Farrington, J. (2012). Forestry extension: facing the challenges of today and tomorrow. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/v9122e/v9122e02.
ASARECA [Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa] (2014). ASARECA Strategy for Scaling Up Agricultural Technologies and Innovations: 2014–2018. ASARECA, Entebbe.
ATA (Agriculture Transformation Agency) (2017). Ethiopia's s Agricultural Extension Strategy: Vision, Systemic Bottlenecks and Priority Interventions. 63. Available at: http://compendium.g-fras.org
ATA (Agriculture Transformation Agency) (2014). National Strategy for Ethiopia's s Agricultural Extension System. (December). Available at: http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth190334.pdf
Alemayehu N. Ayana, Nathalie Vandenabeele & Bas Arts (2017). Performance of participatory forest management in Ethiopia: institutional arrangement versus local practices, Critical Policy Studies, 11:1, 19-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2015.1024703
Bao Huy, Vo Hung, Hoang Huu Cai (2002) Handbook of Participatory Technology Development (PTD). Social Forestry Training Network. Available at: https://cupdf.com/document/handbook-of-participatory-technology-development-ptd-ptd-is-an-innovative-approach.html
Birhane, E. (2014). Final Report Agroforestry Governance in Ethiopia. 1–50. Available at: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/default/files/outputs/Birhane,%20E.%202014.%20Agroforestry%20Governance%20in%20Ethiopa%20Report%20WP%205.pdf
Buyinza J, Sekatuba J, Agaba H, Kinuthia, R and Kiptot, E. (2015). Analysis of Extension Systems in Uganda for Identification of Suitable Extension Approaches for Scaling-up “Trees for Food Security Project” in Eastern Uganda. NaFORRI, Kampala, Uganda/ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya, 64. Available at: worldagroforestry.org
Carlsson, F., Köhlin, G., Mekonnen, A, & Yesuf, M. (2005). Are Agricultural Extension Packages Really What Ethiopian Farmers Want? A Stated Preference Analysis. Working Papers in Economics no. 172. Department of Economics; Göteborg University. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/2747
Christiansen, L., Olhoff, A., & Trærup, S. L. M. (2011). Technologies for Adaptation - Perspectives and Practical Experiences. Roskilde: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Risø Nationallaboratoriet for Bæredygtig Energi. (Technology Transfer Perspectives Series).
Cramb, R. A. (2000). Processes Influencing the Successful Adoption of New Technologies by Smallholders. Conference Paper/ Presentation. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) > ACIAR Proceedings Series. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.135365
Darr, D. (2008). Effective Even When Neglected: Farmer Groups and the Diffusion of Agroforestry Innovations in Rural Communities of Eastern Africa. Dissertation. Available at: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1227250287917-45148
Davis, K. E. (2004). Technology Dissemination among Small-scale Farmers in Meru central district of Kenya: Impact of Group Participation. Dissertation, University of Florida.
Duguma, Lalisa A., Joanes Atela, Peter A. Minang, Alemayehu N. Ayana, Belachew Gizachew, Judith M. Nzyoka, and Florence Bernard (2019). "Deforestation and Forest Degradation as an Environmental Behavior: Unpacking Realities Shaping Community Actions" Land 8, no. 2: 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8020026
Egziabher, K. G., Mathijs, E., Gebrehiwot, K., & Bauer, H. (2013). The Economic Impact of a New Rural Extension Approach in Northern Ethiopia. Working or Discussion Paper. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.146558
Eneku, G. A., Wagoire, W. W., Nakanwagi, J., & Zonal, B. (2013). Innovation platforms: A tool for scaling up sustainable land management innovations in the highlands of eastern Uganda. 21(1), 751–760. African Crop Science Journal. eISSN: 2072-6589.
Everett M. Rojers (2003). Diffusion of Innovation, 5 th ed . Free Press: A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. New York.
Ewnetu, Z., & Bliss, J. C. (2010). Small Scale Forestry in a Changing World Opportunities: Opportunities and Challenges and the Role of Extension and Technology Transfer. Proceedings of the Conference on Small Scale Forestry in a Changing World, (June), 880. Available at: https://www.iufro.org/fileadmin/material/publications/proceedings-archive/30800-et-at-bled10.pdf
Genanew, A., Sisay, Y., Asegid, D., & Abebe, D. (2018). Technological gaps of agricultural extension: Mismatch between demand and supply in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 10(8), 144–149. https://doi.org/10.5897/jaerd2018.0954
Gregorio, N., Herbohn J., Tripoli T., and Arturo P., (2020). "A Local Initiative to Achieve Global Forest and Landscape Restoration Challenge—Lessons Learned from a Community-Based Forest Restoration Project in Biliran Province, Philippines" Forests 11, no. 4: 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11040475
Helvetas Vietnam (2007). Forestry and Agriculture Extension in Vietnam: Five years of experience of the Extension and Training Support Project for Forestry and Agriculture in the Uplands, ETSP, 2003-2007.
Jafry, B. T., Moyo, B., & Mandaloma, L. (2014). Assessment of Extension and Advisory Methods and Approaches to reach Rural Women – examples from Malawi –. (March). Available at: https://agrilinks.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/EAS%20Reaching%20Rural%20Women%20-%20Report%20Malawi%20-%20published%20March%202014.pdf
Kabwe, G. (2010). Uptake of Agroforestry Technologies among Smallholder Farmers in Zambia. Lincoln University Digital Thesis. http://dspace.lincoln.ac.nz/handle/10182/2970
Kalim Qamar (2011). Introducing Demand-Driven Extension Approach in a Traditional Region: A Case Study from Pakistan. Available at: https://www.fao.org/uploads/media/i2354e00%20-%20Introducing%20Demand-Driven.pdf
Kandzior A., Rivas E. (2015) Application of a Participatory Approach to Forestry Extension Activities. In: Pancel L., Köhl M. (eds) Tropical Forestry Handbook. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_270-1
Kassahun Gashu & Omer Aminu (2019). Participatory forest management and smallholder farmers’ livelihoods improvement nexus in Northwest Ethiopia, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2019.1569535
Kilawe, E. and Habimana, D. (2016). Forestry Contribution to National Economy and Trade in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. FAO. Available at: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/627ebca3-7716-474c-a385-21cbed1fbbbc/
Kumeh Mensah Eric (n.d.). Forestry Extension Services in Ghana and How They Are Currently Organised in Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources.
Leta Dufera, Gerba(2018). The Ethiopian Agricultural Extension System and Its Role as a Development Actor: Cases from Southwestern Ethiopia. Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: Available at: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-51766
Maeve Henchion, Marie Buckley and Paul O’Reilly (n.d.). The Toolbox Project ' Development of a technology commercialization toolbox for publicly funded food research '. 1–48. Available at: https://www.dit.ie/media/dittoolboxproject/REPORT
Malmer, A., & Sollander, E. (2019). National Capacity Gap analysis for governance, research, information, and networking for transforming the Ethiopian forest sector. 1(October), 1–25. Report; Swedish Forest Agency.
Martini E, Roshetko JM, Purnomosidhi P, Sabastian G. (2016). Agroforestry extension needs for land rehabilitation in East Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Working Paper no. 232. Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP16078.PDF
Martini, Endri and Roshetko (2017). Agroforestry farmer field schools: informed farmers for sustainable landscapes, Bonn, Germany September 20-22. Available at: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/publication/agroforestry-farmers-field-schools informed-farmers-sustainable-landscapes
Matata, P. Z., Masolwa, L. W., Ruvuga, S., & Bagarama, F. M. (2013). Dissemination pathways for scaling-up agroforestry technologies in western Tanzania. 5(2), 31–36. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.099
MEFCC (Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change) (2018). National Forest Sector Development Program. Volume I: Situation Analysis. Available at: https://www.et.undp.org/content/dam/ethiopia/docs/2018
Million B. (2011). Forest Plantations and Woodlots in Ethiopia. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303197829_Forest_plantations_and_Woodlots_in_Ethiopia
Nguyen, T., McFarland, W., Tran, D., Trieu, H., & Nguyen, C. (2017). Initiatives in forest restoration: Lessons and policy perspectives from recent experience in Vietnam, Laos, and Indonesia. Drug Delivery, 3–11.
Nguyen Duc Trung, Elizabeth Hoffecker and Laurens van Veldhuizen (2016). Participatory Technology Development and its impacts on farmersʼ livelihoods in Hoa Binh Province, Vietnam. Development Outcomes of Local Innovation (DOLI) research project.
Olhoff, A. (2015). Adaptation in the context of technology development and transfer. Climate Policy, 15(1), 163–169. Climate Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2014.873665
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2009). Sustainable Forest Management, Biodiversity and Livelihoods: A Good Practice Guide. Montreal, 47 + iii pages. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/development/doc/cbd-good-practice-guide-forestry-booklet-web-en.pdf
Tesfaye, Yemiru (2011). Participatory forest management for sustainable livelihoods in the Bale Mountains, Southern Ethiopia. Diss. (sammanfattning/summary) Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniv., Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, 1652-6880, 64.
Third World Network (n.d.). Climate Change & Technology Transfer: Addressing Intellectual Property Issues. Available at: https://www.twn.my/title2/climate/pdf/TWN_submission_to_TECfinal.pdf
Thomas L. Brewer and Muthukumara M., (2008). Climate Change, Trade and Competitiveness Technology Transfer and Climate Change: International Flows, Barriers, and Frameworks; pp. 93-119. Brookings Institution Press.
Turner, S., & de Satge, R. (2012). Key trends in international agriculture, forestry and fisheries extension and advisory services. (September). Available at: https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38676843/de_Satge_and_Turner_2012_Key_trends_in_international_extension-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?
UNFCCC (2014b). Report of the workshop on technologies for adaptation. Langer Eugen, Bonn, Germany, 4 March 2014. Available at: http://unfccc. int/ttclear/pages/ttclear/pages/ttclear/pages/ttclear/pages/ttclear/templates/render_cms_page?s=events_ workshops adaptation techs
Wassie Haile, Genene Tsegaye, Shifraw Boke, Waga Mazengia, Daniel Dauro, Anteneh Fekadu, Zemede Mulushewa, Simayehu Tafesse, Assefa Chekol and Zewdie Afework (2014). Review of the Extension Systems, Constraints, Progresses, Gaps and Technology Needs in Natural Resources Management in Southern Ethiopia. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280624871_11th_ESSS_-conference-wassie
Wellard, K. (2011). Knowledge Transfer: The Role of Community Extension in Increasing Food Security. Available at: http://www.selfhelpafrica.org/downloads/CBE-Report-Final.pdf
Zewdu, A., & Beyene, F. (2018). Factors affecting smallholder farmers ' participation in degraded forest rehabilitation practices; the case of Gemachis District, West Hararghe Zone, Oromia. 10(November), 234–244. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2018.0975
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Omer HINDE