Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
The English language is the lingua franca of education, trade, and employment. However, with such a global influence, the English language sometimes interferes with the native languages via subtractive bilingualism. The aim of this essay is to explain the negative effects of subtractive bilingualism on a global scale in general, elaborate on its negative effects on the Albanian language in particular, and propose solutions to the problem.Â
To achieve such an aim, research related to the macroscopic model of determinants of additive and subtractive bilingualism (MMDASB) was consulted. Based on the research findings, I conclude that the school milieu should lead by example in using additive bilingualism to counter subtractive bilingualism. In doing so, the school milieu would counter subtractive bilingualism on the sociological, socio-psychological, and psychological levels as predicted in the MMDASB (Landry & Allard, 1993) model. Following the conclusion, concrete proposals for promoting additive bilingualism by the higher education in the school milieu are recommended.
References
Ahmed, M. (2016). Ethnicity, identity and group vitality: A study of Burushos of Srinagar. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1 p. 1-10. https://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/51
Ardasheva, Y. Tretter, T. R. and Kinny, M. (2012). English language learners and academic achievement: Revisiting the threshold hypothesis. Language Learning, Vol. 3, No. 62 p. 769 – 812. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00652.x
Berlitz. (2019). The Berlitz method. Accessed on 12/12/2020, Available at: https://www.berlitz.com/en-de/about/berlitz-method
Buxhovi, J. (2013). Kosova: Dardania në kohë të lashtë dhe mesjetë, Perandoria Osmane, nga okupimi në protektoratin ndërkombëtarë [Kosova: Dardania in ancient and medieval times, the Ottoman empire, from occupation to international protectorate]. Texas: Jalifat Publishing. Available at: http://www.jalifatpublishing.com/books-by-jusuf-buxhovi
Choi, T. H. (2017). Identity, transnationalism, and bilingual education. in O. GarcÃa., A. M. Y. Lin., and S. May (Eds.), Bilingual and multilingual education: Vol. 10. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed., p. 175 – 189). Springer. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02258-1_7
Cummins, J. (2017). Teaching for transfer in multilingual school contexts. in O. GarcÃa., A. M. Y. Lin., and S. May (Eds.), Bilingual and multilingual education: Vol. 10. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed., p. 103 – 115). Springer. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02258-1_8
Dicks, J. and Genesee, F. (2017). Bilingual education in Canada. in O. GarcÃa., A. M. Y. Lin., and S. May (Eds.), Bilingual and multilingual education: Vol. 10. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed., p. 453– 467). Springer. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02258-1_32
Heller, M. (1996). Legitimate language in a multilingual school. Linguistics and Education, Vol 8, No. 2 p. 139-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0898-5898(96)90011-X
Cambridge Assessment English. (2017). The impact of multilingualism on global education and language learning. Cambridge. Available at: https://assets.cambridgeenglish.org/research/perspectives-multilingualism.
Lambert, W. (1975). Culture and language as factors in learning and education. in A. Wolfgang (Ed). Education of immigrant students. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED096820.pdf
Landry, R. and Allard, R. (1993). Beyond socially naive bilingual education: The effects of schooling and ethnolinguistic vitality of the community on additive and subtractive bilingualism. Annual Conference Journal, pg 1–30. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED360866.pdf
Landweer, M. (2016). Indicators of Ethnolinguistic Vitality Review and Score Sheet. GIA Lens, Vol 10 No. 1, 1 – 14. Available at: https://www.diu.edu/documents/gialens/Vol10-1/Landweer-Ethnolinguistic-Vitality.pdf
Lucket, K. (1993). National additive bilingualism. South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies. p. 39-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10189203.1993.9724614
MacSwan, J. Thompson, M. S. Rolstad, K. McAlister, K. and Lobo, G. (2017). Three theories of the effects of language education programs: An empirical evaluation of bilingual and English-only policies. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, Vol 37 p. 218-240. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190517000137
Merriam-Webster Dictionary (n.d.). How does a word get into a Merriam-Webster dictionary?. Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/help/faq-words-into-dictionary
McIvor, O. and McCarty, T. L. (2017). Indigenous bilingual revitalization-immersion education in Canada and the USA. in O. GarcÃa., A. M. Y. Lin., and S. May (Eds.), Bilingual and multilingual education: Vol. 10. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed., p. 421– 438). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02258-1_34
Mwaniki, M., Arias, M. B. and Wiley, T. G. (2017). Bilingual education policy. in O. GarcÃa., A. M. Y. Lin., and S. May (Eds.), Bilingual and multilingual education: Vol. 10. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed., p. 35– 49). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02324-3_3-2
Nordquist, R (2019). How are new words created: Six types of word-formation in English. Thoughtco, Accessed on 12/12/2020 Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/where-do-new-words-come-from-1692700
GarcÃa, O. and Lin, A. M. Y (2017). Translanguaging in bilingual education. in O. GarcÃa., A. M. Y. Lin., and S. May (Eds.), Bilingual and multilingual education: Vol. 10. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed., p. 117– 130). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02324-3_1-1
Gándara, P. and Escamilla, K. (2017). Bilingual education in the United States. in O. GarcÃa., A. M. Y. Lin., and S. May (Eds.), Bilingual and multilingual education: Vol. 10. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed., p. 439– 452). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02324-3_33-1
Pavlenko, A. (2003). Language of the enemy’: Foreign language education and national identity. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, Vol 6, No. 5 p. 313-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050308667789
Sternberg, R. (2009). Cognitive psychology. Ohio, Cengage Learning, 5th Edition.
Tsoumou, J. M. (2019). English as an international language: English/French language alternation in politically motivated CMC in Congo-Brazzaville. Journal of English as an International Language, Vol 14, No 2 p. 94-117. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1244207.pdf
Tupas, R. and Martin, I. P. (2017). Bilingual and mother tongue-based multilingual education in Philippines. in O. GarcÃa., A. M. Y. Lin., and S. May (Eds.), Bilingual and multilingual education: Vol. 10. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed., p. 247– 258). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02324-3_18-1
Romero, Y. and Manjarres, M. P. (2017). How does the first language have an influence on language learning? A case study in an English ESL classroom. English Language Teaching, Vol 10, No 7 p. 123 – 139. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1144398.pdf
Vincze, L. and Joyce, N. (2017). Online contact, face-to-face contact, and multilingualism: Young Swedish-speaking Finns develop trilingual identities. Communication Studies, Vol 69, No 1 p. 85-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2017.1413410
Vincze, L., and Henning-Lindblom, A. (2016). Swedish, Finnish and bilingual? Multiple ethnolinguistic identities in relation to ethnolinguistic vitality in Finland. International Journal of Bilingualism, Vol 20, No 4 p. 488-498. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006915572169
Webber, M. (2009). The Kosovo war: A recapitulation. International Affairs, Vol 85, No 3 p. 447-459. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00807.x
Wright, S.C. Taylor, D.M. and McArthur, J. (2000). Subtractive bilingualism and the survival of the Inuit language: Heritage-versus second-language education. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol 92, p. 63-84. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.92.1.63
Yoel, J. (2020). The visibility of the English language in the linguistic landscape of two teacher training colleges in Israel. Journal of English as an International Language, Vol 15, No 1 p. 44-63. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1259938.pdf
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Diedon DORAMBARI